This work describes the visual and oral unfolding that the Andean societies of the XVIth and XVIIth century realized from some concrete conditions of the colonial process, that allow a first comprehension of the changes happened in the Andean systems of representation, especially in the parietal painting and in the keros, or glasses of wood painted. Its proposes that in this period a strong ideological struggle and of resistance occurs, even, in front of the political of control of the memory and to the processes of colonization of the Indians imaginary initiated from the Europeans from the second half of the XVIth century.